Ap Psychology Myers 8th Edition Chapter 8 Outline
Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion
- Overview
- Motivation
- Feelings or ideas that cause us to act toward a goal
- Motivation
- Theories of Motivation
- Drive Reduction Theory
- Our behavior is motivated by biological needs
- Needs
- requirements for survival
- food, water, shelter
- Drives
- our impulses to act in ways that satisfy our needs
- ex: hunger
- Homeostasis
- a balanced internal state
- our body seeks it
- when we are out of it, we have a need that creates a drive
- Primary drives
- biological needs (ex: thirst)
- Secondary drives
- learned drives
- ex: we learn that money can get us food and water to satisfy our primary drives
- Arousal Theory
- We seek an optimum level of excitement or arousal
- we are motivated by activities that help us achieve our needed level
- Yerkes- Dodson Law
- we might perform well at an easy task with a very high arousal level
- the same high level would worsen our performance on a difficult task
- We seek an optimum level of excitement or arousal
- Opponent-Process Theory
- People are usually at a baseline (normal) state
- we might perform an act that moves us away from this state
- may be pleasurable at first, but eventually we feel an opponent process
- (we want to return to baseline state)
- with physically addictive substances, we get withdrawal
- we are required to have more to return to baseline state
- Generally used to explain addictive behaviors
- People are usually at a baseline (normal) state
- Incentive Theory
- Incentives
- stimuli that we are drawn to due to learning
- We learn to associate some stimuli with rewards and others with punishment
- we are motivated to seek the rewards
- Incentives
- Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
- Physiological needs
- to satisfy drives for hunger, thirst, and sex
- Safety needs
- to feel safe, secure, and out of danger
- Belonging and love needs
- to be accepted and belong
- Esteem needs
- to achieve and to gain approval and recognition
- Self-actualization needs
- to achieve your unique potential
- Physiological needs
- Drive Reduction Theory
- Hunger Motivation
- Biological Basis of Hunger
- Lateral hypothalamus
- causes us to eat
- Ventromedial hypothalamus
- satiety center
- causes us to stop eating
- Set-point theory
- the hypothalamus wants to maintain a certain optimum body weight
- if we drop below the weight, it lowers our metabolic rate (how quickly our body uses energy)
- when the set point is reached:
- hypothalamus tells us to stop eating and raises metabolism to burn excess food
- the hypothalamus wants to maintain a certain optimum body weight
- Lateral hypothalamus
- Psychological Factors in Hunger Motivation
- Externals
- more motivated to eat by external food cues
- attractiveness or availability of food
- more motivated to eat by external food cues
- Internals
- respond more often to internal hunger cues
- The extent of the effect of each type of cue on us might be learned
- Garcia effect
- taste aversion to a food results after feeling nauseous after eating it
- We prefer foods we were raised with
- Externals
- Eating Disorders
- Bulimia
- binging and purging
- Anorexia nervosa
- refuse to eat due to obsession with weight
- starve themselves to below 85% of normal body weight
- Obesity
- severely overweight
- often by over 100 pounds
- excess weight threatens health
- have unhealthy eating habits
- severely overweight
- Bulimia
- Biological Basis of Hunger
- Sexual Motivation
- Sexual Response Cycle
- Documented by William Masters and Virginia Johnson
- Stages
- initial excitement
- plateau phase
- orgasm
- resolution phase
- Psychological Factors
- Sexual desire can be present even when the capability to have sex is lost
- Erotic material can spark physiological responses
- Sexual Response Cycle
- Social Motivation
- Achievement Motivation
- Examines our desires to master complex tasks/knowledge and reach goals
- Some people have higher than others
- Varies from activity to activity
- Extrinsic/Intrinsic Motivation
- Extrinsic motivators
- rewards that we get for accomplishments from outside ourselves
- ex: grades, salary
- Intrinsic motivators
- rewards we get internally
- ex: enjoyment, satisfaction
- most effective to sustain a behavior for a long period of time
- Extrinsic motivators
- Management Theory
- Theory X
- managers believe that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishments
- Theory Y
- managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this inner motive
- studies show its more beneficial
- Theory X
- When Motives Conflict
- Approach-approach conflict
- you must choose between two desirable outcomes
- Avoidance-avoidance conflict
- you must choose between two unattractive outcomes
- Approach-avoidance conflict
- one event or goal has both attractive and unattractive features
- Multiple approach-avoidance conflicts
- you must choose between two or more things, each of which has both desirable and undesirable features
- Approach-approach conflict
- Achievement Motivation
- Theories and Emotion
- James-Lange vs. Cannon-Bard
- James-Lange Theory
- we feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress
- William James and Carl Lange
- Cannon-Bard Theory
- the biological change and the cognitive awareness of the emotional state occur simultaneously
- the hypothalamus sends signals to our cortex and autonomous nervous system about environment
- Walter Cannon and Philip Bard
- the biological change and the cognitive awareness of the emotional state occur simultaneously
- James-Lange Theory
- Two-Factor Theory
- Stanley Schachter
- Both our physical responses and cognitive labels (mental interpretations) combine to cause emotional responses
- People who are physiologically aroused experience more intense emotions
- James-Lange vs. Cannon-Bard
- Stress
- Overview
- Stressors
- life events that cause stress
- Stress reactions
- how we react to these changes in the environment
- Stressors
- Measuring Stress
- SRRS
- social readjustment rating scale
- measures stress using LCU's
- life changing units
- any major life change increases the score
- people who score high are more likely to have stress related diseases
- Thomas Holmes and Richard Rae
- SRRS
- Seyle's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
- Describes the general response animals and humans have to a stressful event
- Stages
- alarm reaction
- the organism readies itself to meet the challenge by activating the sympathetic nervous system
- resistance
- body remains physiologically ready
- hormones released to maintain readiness
- if in this state for too long, the body will be depleted of resources
- exhaustion
- parasympathetic nervous system returns our body to normal
- more vulnerable to disease
- alarm reaction
- Explains problems associated with extended periods of stress
- Perceived Control
- Control over events lessens stress
- A perceived lack of control makes events more stressful
- Overview
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Aboukhadijeh, Feross. "Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion" StudyNotes.org. Study Notes, LLC., 12 Oct. 2013. Web. 22 Nov. 2021. <https://www.apstudynotes.org/psychology/outlines/chapter-8-motivation-and-emotion/>.
Ap Psychology Myers 8th Edition Chapter 8 Outline
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